H.R.1501 - Violent And Repeat Juvenile Offender...

H.R.1501 - Violent and Repeat Juvenile Offender Accountability and Rehabilitation Act of 1999. H.R. 1809 focuses more on non-violent offenders, H.R. 1501 focuses towards violent and repeat offenders. Legislation Option 1: H.R. 1501 was introduced to the House on 04/21/1999 and passed through both the House and the Senate, the main focus of this Bill was â€Å"to provide quality prevention programs and accountability programs relating to juvenile delinquency† (H.R. 1501). This bill helps to solve some of the root problems in juvenile justice, as it enables accountability and would provide the juvenile â€Å"a genuine opportunity for self-reform† (H.R.1501), and that is in accord with some of the root causes as to why juveniles get into trouble and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Government cannot remove evil (Fischer, 2013 p. 2). They can â€Å"only restrain evil through the passage and enforcement of laws and regulations† (Fischer, 2013 p. 2-3). Rules of Federalism which apply to the different agencies in the federal and state governments along with local on community groups working together would apply in the passage of this bill as it will take the co operation of several levels of government in order to implement it. The Bible speaks of restorative justice (Acts 3:19-21, Romans 7:15) in the concept of having the ability to change the inner person in realms of what is causing the bad behavior that led to sin and crime. The government should help and have a say in passing reforms and laws that will be in agreement with God’s law and interpret a biblical worldview in the process of doing so. It is important for the long run for the government to be involved and adjust the laws when it comes to incarcerating non-violent offenders as it is offering forgiveness and the ability to be accountable and show restitution which is supported by the Bible. Constitutional guidelines: While the Constitution does not specifically mention crimes by juveniles, In re Gault (1967), via the Supreme Court allows for fairness to juveniles within the court system as they are given the same inalienable rights by God as everyone has and they have toShow MoreRelatedThe Amendment Protects Peoples Inalienable Rights1197 Words   |  5 Pagessafety† (IACP n.d p.3). Fair sentencing has to be implements differently for juveniles than it is for adults depending on the age of the juvenile when the crime is committed. In the case of Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 support the bill in the essence that juveniles are still at the point of figuring out or defining their own identities and â€Å"it is less supportable to conclude that even a heinous crime committed by a juvenile is evidence of irretrievably depraved character† (Roper v. Simmons, 2005)Read MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is Complex1201 Words   |  5 Pagesthis is especially true in the juvenile justice system. In 2012, there were 1,319,700 arrests of juveniles in the United States (OJJDP) and this includes both violent and non-violent offenses committed by those under the age of 18. Policy reforms can offer alternatives to the incarceration of young offenders, by providing mental health, or addiction rehabs for those that are in need of it rather than locking them up. This not only helps keep the amount of juveniles down but also can be a preventative

Building a New Supply Chain Free Essays

string(54) " accept these materials are likely easily accessible\." The background of the case is that a company performs garbage pickup from construction sites. Often the construction site wants them to leave a bin there or sometimes they simply pile up the garbage and the company’s employees load the material into the garbage truck. Typically a truck full of garbage at the depot costs $200 per truck to empty. We will write a custom essay sample on Building a New Supply Chain or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company charges $350 per load, so there is little profit especially when taking overhead into account (labor and the cost of the truck). The owner wonders how other companies seem to be making so much money. One day he owner finds a lot of old refrigerators and metal fencing at one of the pickup locations. He has heard that there are some companies that pick this up for free and resell the material to companies looking for scrap metal. Being entrepreneurial and worried about his business, he investigates. He finds that he is able to make an additional $200 per shipment of scrap metal, making his new profit $550 per load! He gets excited and starts to think about what other opportunities may be out there with similar reverse supply chains. Some additional problems that this company have are elated to what its profit really is for each of its transactions, what challenges this company would have to look at alternative materials and markets and what the current competition is for his company’s type of business and lastly what approaches this company should take to ensure it was successful. Cause – The main cause behind many of these questions the company is asking itself and problems that it is currently having with profitability lay in the appearance that the company has not built itself a good business plan for any step of the company. A business plan helps outline what you need to start a business, but it also helps you prepare for your future and any issues along the way. Your business plan should clarify why you exist, who your customers are, what products or services you provide, how you plan to create and deliver your products or services, and where your business is going. It looks like the owner has started the company with only a small idea of what is possible within their industry scope and has not thought through all the steps that they should take on in order to be a marketable, profitable and long lasting company. Little thought has gone into who the customers are, what equipment is required, what process would be the most profitable and how to market themselves to the correct customer base. The whole business is based on a reverse logistics model and inserting themselves into this construction supply chain as the provider of reverse logistics systems to their construction customers. It is astounding to see that the owner has not fully considered how to best provide benefit to their clients and maximize their profitability through these services. To hear that the owner has heard that some companies† pick up materials for free and resell them clearly shows that the company has not identified the biggest opportunity for profitability in this type of business. Stating that their new profit could also be $550 per load is also strange in that there appears to be very little understanding of accounting related to determining profitability and cost of overheads. Based on the example provided, any revenues would have expenses of the cost of the truck (including initial purchase, fuel and any maintenance), the cost of the person driving the truck, the cost of the arson piling the garbage into the truck (if this service is required) and the cost paid at the depot for disposal. There can be further costs related to equipment or training required for their people to be on a construction site including Personnel Protective Equipment and any certifications required to handle waste. Many of these elements would be considered if the company took the time to consider what the actual business plan for the company is and whether this would lead to a profitable organization. Analysis – When looking at the market space that this company is attempting to play in, the following information shows that there indeed is a market for these services. Within the industry there is a name for the materials that are left over at a construction, renovation of demolition site. These items are called construction demolition materials (CD). The most common materials are concrete, wood, drywall, asphalt shingles, asphalt pavement, metal and cardboard. These materials typically make up 70 to 95 percent of the discarded material at a residential or commercial site. In the past these items were often discarded but are actually liable commodities that can be recycled into new products or used in many new ways. When perceived as waste, disposal of CD materials is often viewed as simply part of the cost of doing business, and recycling and reusing these materials are sometimes overlooked as management options. Recycling can benefit a construction business’s bottom line, it benefits the environment and a construction company’s recycle policy can be a contributing factor to them being awarded a project. Concrete can be recycled into many markets that currently use crushed stone. Because concrete is commonly recycled, numerous concrete recycling facilities exist across the country. Asphalt pavement is heavily recycled currently and is commonly crushed and recycled back into asphalt, either in-place or at a hot-mix asphalt plant. Asphalt shingles can also be ground and recycled into hot-mix asphalt. Clean, untreated wood can be re-milled into lumber or chipped or ground and used to make engineered board, boiler fuel and mulch. Common metals found at a construction, demolition or renovation site include steel, aluminum, and copper. Construction sites frequently generate large amounts of cardboard waste when new appliances and materials are delivered to the site in cardboard boxes. Markets are well-established for metals and cardboard. Local metal scrap yards or recyclers that accept these materials are likely easily accessible. You read "Building a New Supply Chain" in category "Papers" Gypsum in drywall can be removed and recycled into many markets that commonly use gypsum, including new drywall manufacture, cement manufacture and agriculture. All of these items should be materials the owner should investigate as to whether the local construction sites are enervating these materials and whether there are local resources available to buy and recycle these materials from construction companies or the pickup company. Another factor to review is whether recyclers accept mixed loads of materials, or if it is more profitable to separate the materials, which can be done onsite by placing the materials in separate boxes or piles. When developing a business plan, an important first step is to look for the local resources currently available. Contact local and provincial waste regulators and learn what is and is not permissible to recycle. Many rabbinical or local officials have lists of local recyclers and their locations that they can share with you. These local recyclers should be contacted to determine what they take and what these conditions of payment are. They may also be able to share guidance for best recycling practices in your area. It is also possible to research local waste haulers through this method to better determine the level of competition there is for the types of garbage pickup services that they provide. One key factor within the market space for recycling materials is the importance of these recycling orgasm to today’s construction environment. There is increased interest in constructing green buildings and this has generated more interest in recycling C materials. Providing knowledge of how to recycle C materials can make a company a vital asset to a green building project. The most common method of green building certification in North America is through the Green Building Council. The Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LED) certification process requires that the building attain points for various green attributes, including energy savings, trials usage, indoor environmental quality and efficient water usage. Certification is granted during the construction phase. Points are given for reusing materials, using materials with recycled content and recycling the waste that is produced at the construction site. Different levels of certification can be attained depending on the number of points the building gains. Even if LED certification is not the goal of the building owner, committing to recycling a certain percentage of the materials generated at a Jobless can be a great marketing tool and can give a construction company an edge over its competition. Since green building certification grants points based on recycled amounts, implementing a tracking system will aid companies in attaining LED points for recycling. Some contractors have their waste haulers report the amount of material that is currently disposed and recycled from their construction sites. That way, contractors can evaluate how they can increase the amount of material that is recycled from each site. Another example of how a company can differentiate themselves in this space is by providing services that eliminate the need for transporting and disposing of materials by recycling onsite. For example, waste concrete can be ground and used as fill, and clean wood, drywall, and cardboard can be ground and used onsite as a soil amendment. New, smaller, portable grinders can be relatively inexpensive and safe to use at Jobless. Some of these machines can be hitched to pickup trucks, while others are attachments for excavators. Some challenges when looking at all of these options are related to having the appropriate equipment for providing the potential services demanded by the customer base. There can be significant overhead costs attached to these equipment purchases. Availability and cost of labor will also be a key factor in decisions. If the appropriate research is not done up front, including discussions with the potential customer base, investments can be made in equipment and people that does not drive the revenue to cover the costs. Before Jumping into a specific market area or activity, the owner must ensure that the demand is there. Solution – The owner of this garbage pickup company needs to wake up and do his research with a goal to developing a complete business plan. Currently the owner is thinking of only kicking up garbage from construction sites and disposing them, which does indeed save the construction company these reverse logistics efforts, but clearly misses out on the big picture of what is possible in this service space. The customer base which is construction companies, are being driven very heavily toward recycling their materials for various reasons. They can reduce their hauling and disposal costs by keeping valuable CD materials out of landfills. The substitution of recycled CD materials in place of virgin materials in new products and processes results in substantial energy savings and greenhouse gas reduction. Recycling CD materials equates to green building points. As green building becomes increasingly popular, proven knowledge about the benefits of green building-?and green building practices-?is likely to boost construction business, since many customers are now looking for this service. Using recycled materials in new structures and recycling CD materials produced during construction can help you achieve the LED certification that construction company customers want. All of this leads to a very strong potential market for the services that a garbage pickup company can provide. The company can offer sorting of the products on the site, the company could offer onsite recycling, the company can ensure that they track the materials so that their customers can obtain the maximum lead points and market themselves as a green construction company. The pickup company can also very finely determine what their charge should be to the construction company based on their knowledge of what the recycling company will pay for materials. This can allow them to maximize profit while remaining at an appropriate marketable cost to the construction companies. They could provide flexible, scalable services at the appropriate cost. The owner needs to talk to the customer base and find the niches that will allow them to compete. Work through the business plan, identify what they can afford to invest in, develop the relationships with customers and clients, market themselves appropriately and then work the plan. There is little question that reverse logistics is a growing concern in the construction industry when it comes to CD materials. The market is there for garbage pickup companies who can show the greatest value. How to cite Building a New Supply Chain, Papers

Domain for Action and Kerang Hospital

Question: Discuss about the Domain for Action and Kerang Hospital. Answer: Introduction Healthcare systems represent one of the most important sectors for any country. This is because they involve human beings and the well-being of people. Thus, the Government of Australia put a lot of resources in the sector to improve the quality of services rendered to people. In addition to that, there are independent bodies that monitor and regulate the quality of services and standards that these hospitals work under (Taylor, Foster, Fleming, 2008). However, to start with the government, the assistance it renders to the health care sector is not enough to guarantee success in most healthcare organization. In addition to that, the government can only provide basic necessity like electricity, drugs, and security but it is the responsibility of people in charge to take the organization to the next level, in an attempt to ensure that it achieves its objectives. On the other hand, healthcare bodies formulate policies that guide a small organization in the best way possible to perform a task or lead their organization in ensuring that it achieves its objectives. One such body is the Health workforce of Australia. In its attempt to improve the quality of healthcare in Australia, it came up with five modules that are essential in any organization for it to succeed and can be applicable in other large institutions, not necessarily in the health sector (Louviere, Flynn, 2010). These are health workforce reforms that are geared towards effective, more efficient and also accessible service delivery. Another module is health workforce planning, funding, policy, and regulation (Palmer, Short, 2000). Moreover, proving good leadership and promoting a workforce that has a capacity and develops skills is also crucial. However, in this paper, I intend to discuss two of them, that is Health workforce capacity and skills development and leadership for the sustainability of the health system and how a healthcare organization has successfully utilized it to achieve its goal. Healthcare Capacity and Skill Development Thus, it is important to make improvement in educational system that train doctors, nurses, and other health professionals. In addition to that, use of modern equipment is essential to improve the efficiency with which services are produced in hospitals. More importantly, is the fact that current graduates lack enough skills despite the fact they spend more four or five years in colleges and university. Thus, health care system ought to device ways to provide internship opportunities to fresh graduate instead of considering already competent professionals. In addition to that, it is important that enough funding set aside either by the government or any other organization to fund health care and medical schools. Kerang District health is one of the hospitals that offer health services to the people of Australia. To maintain a high standard of services, it has several strategies has developed to comply with recommended services. To start with, it interacts with medical students and scholars in exchange of knowledge. Additionally, the hospital provides an internship opportunity for nurses and medical students who are fresh from university and medical schools. In addition to that, the hospital works closely with accreditation bodies in order to ensure that the services it offers are recommended. The strategy has proved to be useful in instilling practical knowledge to freshly graduated nurses and doctors. Moreover, the hospital has made it possible for workers to exchange knowledge that can be useful not only in career development but also as part of the growth of the profession. Healthcare systems have changed over the years with modern ways of storing information being in use, and it becomes easier for a hospital to use modern technology to keep records. The use of electronically assisted technology varies, from informatics, diagnosis to facilitating the activities of hospitals. It in effect reduces errors in health organization which is prone to occur due to occur (Anderson, Frogner, Reinhardt, 2006). With this upset will come a huge potential to expand the proficiency of clinical practice, decrease human blunders, and increment the nature of restorative care. Electronic therapeutic data will likewise democratize medication. The part of the "client" in social insurance can just develop with the capacity to get to the information (Ash, Berg , Coiera,2004). There will be a need to guarantee that the wellbeing proficient workforce is innovatively wise and ready to manage new advances as they are brought into the work environment. Kerang District embraces the use of modern technology because of it its numerous advantages. To start with, the hospital has opened a portal for outpatients. In addition to that, the hospital has an online platform where potential patients may inquire anything concerning the hospital. The strategy is a success in many ways, to start with, it eases the congestion that come with high number of patients coming for vaious consultations. In addition to that, the technology saves time and services may be rendered to a huge number of people in the form of consultations (Taylor, Foster, Fleming, 2008). Lastly, use of technology has helped Kerang hospital in coding. Use of electronically assisted coding is more accurate than the manure one as it reduces errors that are prone to emerge as a result of human error. Lastly, the hospital has Introduce IPADS for use by Board Members is more efficient than doing it manually. A healthcare professional, doctors, nurses, pharmacists corporate to share knowledge that is aimed at improving the services they render to patients. Statistics alone reveal that exchange of professional knowledge is useful in improving the state of heath care services offered to patients (Productivity Commission, 2005). Preparing and instructive programs have been created as a conceivable approach to enhance how experts cooperate to deal with patients (Armstrong, Gillespie, Leeder, Rubin, Russell, 2007). Exchange of professional knowledge in healthcare occurs as a result of two healthcare professional sharing knowledge in the form of consultations, debates and research findings. Exchange of professional knowledge ensures continual learning process for health professionals. In addition to that, the engagement makes health care providers be updated on currents methods or services that emerge as the profession evolves. External and internal engagement Healthcare organizations cannot work in isolation. Therefore it needs to cooperate with local and external agencies or people to make sure that it achieves its objectives. To start with, the healthcare organization should ensure that the community around the area supports its activities. They, therefore, ought to work in a manner that embraces their values, culture or any other activities that the community engages in as far as it does not involve not conforming to practices that are against the practice recommended by medics (Bullen, 2012). In addition to that, the hospital ought to work closely with local officers as they are an important part of policy makers that put regulations that may influence the operations of the healthcare system. Furthermore, healthcare organizations ought to comply with rules set by accreditation bodies which set standards that are necessary for any hospital and clinics to work in offering services to people (Hogan, Moxham, Dwyer, 2007). Failure to foll ow such services, especially with regards to the fact that regulatory bodies keep on updating policies will be detrimental to patients and may ultimately lead to a closure of the hospital. Additionally, there ought to be a suitable way to supervise employees in offering services. Moreover, the hospital continues to Continue to hold formal meetings with Cohuna District Hospital. The new Chief, a specialist, supported a change program in which clinical administration had a focal influence. The program presented clinically important execution measures, with comparing rewards, and new data frameworks (Oliver, 2006). The VA soon turned into a pioneer in clinical quality. The fulfillment level of patients rose to percent, percent over the national normal, even as the VA's patient numbers multiplied over the accompanying decade. Kerang District health values the kind of leadership that runs it. One of the strategies that it has developed is to partner with regulatory bodies that oversee how health facilities and hospitals operate. In addition to that, the hospital works with several non-governmental organizations. Leadership serves as a driving force that propels any organization forward. As far as Kerang District Health is concerned, the corporation with regulatory bodies has helped it boost performance among its employees. The advice the head of the hospital gain from such interactions has been valuable to steer the organization forward. These upgrades happened because clinicians played an indispensable part in forming clinical administrations. The extended part of clinicians did not come to fruition through coincidental activities; nor changed in formal sets of responsibilities the essential main thrust. What changed for clinicians was their proficient personality and feeling of responsibility (Kimberly, De Pouvourville, 2008). All staff, regardless of whether clinicians or not, came to share a typical point: conveying brilliant care effectively. Specialists teamed up with directors on imperative clinical choices, for example, the most effective method to grow or reconfigure administrationsin full information of the exchange offs and asset implications. A developing groups of research backings the attestation that powerful clinical administration lifts the execution of wellbeing mind associations. Support and supervision Inquire about demonstrating that the advancement of staff is connected to an association's achievement in enlisting and holding staff additionally proposes new social insurance graduates encounter push amid the early period of beginning work. Understudies apparently regularly feel ill-equipped and unsupported in making a move from understudy to sure professional (Wallis, Boyle, 2014). Organized support and a positive learning condition amid this stage can have any effect to the certainty of the individual and add to and enhance continuous enrollment and retention. The part of senior clinicians in supporting and preparing the future workforce is an essential one, and ought not to go unrecognized (Wakerman, Humphreys, 2011). The preparation framework for wellbeing experts is dependent on supporting new graduates in solidifying their hypothetical information in the working environment, and in numerous examples, accreditation is dependent on times of regulated "entry level position." The Clergyman for Wellbeing has laid out the four center estimations of coordinated effort, Openness, Regard, and Strengthening which will support the NSW General Wellbeing Framework. Going with these qualities, and paying little mind to the inspiration that an individual may need to work in the wellbeing business, it is essential to revere a promise to the group as a center working guideline in wellbeing administration conveyance (Swayne, Duncan, Ginter, 2012). Maybe the best hindrance to the expanded contribution of clinicians in molding the fate of patient care lies in the authentic convictions of clinicians themselves about the estimation of administration and administration. One approach to address this issue is to be significantly more precise about get-together stories, told really and compellingly by the individuals who took an interest or watched, that highlight the estimation of incredible clinical authority (Chu, Dwyer, 2002). By "making legends" of clinical pioneers of various kinds, both in formal administration and in cutting edge parts, associations can make a more grounded bank of good examples and furthermore start a sense of probability. Any push to urge clinical administration needs to incorporate bolster for expert advancement. Be that as it may, the best beginning stage is not to make or commission a preparation course. Social insurance associations should first characterize what they need from their clinical pioneers, what abilities and states of mind they need to empower, regardless of whether there are contrasts crosswise over callings or parts, and where the need to create authority is most noteworthy (Nutbeam, 2000). Endeavors can then be focused on where they can have the best impact. Healthcare Administration has made an Authority System that contains seven areas that depict the initiative practices, information, aptitudes or demeanors expected. For clinicians, improvement programs with genuine work at their heart can help tremendously in showing how patients advantage when clinicians lead the change of administrations. An administration program including twelve UK clinics and both clinical and nonclinical staff concentrated on upgrading pathways for patients with stroke and hip breaks (Barr, Dowding, 2015). The program, situated as a quality-change exertion rather than a preparation or advancement course, had an exceptional affect on lengths of stay, death rates, and costs all of which fell by up to 30 percent. It additionally made excitement for driving administration change endeavors all the more by and large, with persisting advantages after the formal program had ended. Another proposal of the Extraordinary Commission of Investigation into Intense Care, Benefits in NSW Open Healing centers concerning the foundation of the Clinical Instruction and Preparing Organization (the Foundation). It is that it has as one of its capacities "to configuration, organization, lead and assess initiative preparing for clinicians to empower clinicians to turned out to be clinical pioneers and furthermore wellbeing framework pioneers (West, Borrill, Dawson, Brodbeck, Shapiro, Haward, 2003). Also, the Clinical Brilliance Commission, which was built up in 2004 to give an exhaustive quality change and patient wellbeing program crosswise over NSW, organizes the Clinical Administration Program for NSW Wellbeing. An essential point of the Clinical Administration Program is to exchange learning and instruments into enhancing persistent security and clinical quality. Since the Clinical Administration Program was propelled in 2007 more than 600 members, have finished either t he official particular or statewide organization of the program. A necessary part of the Clinical Administration Program is the endeavor of a clinical change extend intended to enhance tolerant wellbeing and clinical quality (Leeuwenburg, Leeuwenburg, 2012). Members are bolstered in the advancement of their clinical practice change through workshops and support from neighborhood Clinical Administration units. Conclusion Therefore, it is evident from the discussion above that the two modules are beneficial to the healthcare organization in many ways. Firstly, training and having competent professionals helps healthcare organization provide the best services. Kerang District Health notes this and is at the forefront in implementing the two modules as part of their strategies. The hospital provides IPADS to executives, employing qualified staff, cooperating with other organization and making sure that they are accredited to operate as a hospital. In addition to that, Kerang District Health interacts well with the people around the hospital thus making it easier for them to work under such environment. Another strategy that the healthcare system has promoted is the use of modern technology. This has enabled the hospital to carry out its work effectively, reduce time, communicate effectively and reduced errors. References Taylor, S., Foster, M., Fleming, J. (2008). Health care practice in Australia: policy, context and innovations. Oxford University Press.References Ash, J. S., Berg, M., Coiera, E. (2004). Some unintended consequences of information technology in health care: the nature of patient care information system-related errors.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,11(2), 104-112. Armstrong, B. K., Gillespie, J. A., Leeder, S. R., Rubin, G. L., Russell, L. M. (2007). Challenges in health and health care for Australia.Medical Journal of Australia,187(9), 485. Anderson, G. F., Frogner, B. K., Johns, R. A., Reinhardt, U. E. (2006). Health care spending and use of information technology in OECD countries.Health Affairs,25(3), 819-831. Barr, J., Dowding, L. (2015).Leadership in health care. Sage. Oliver, S. (2006). Leadership in health care.Musculoskeletal care,4(1), 38. Swayne, L. E., Duncan, W. J., Ginter, P. M. (2012).Strategic management of health care organizations. ohn Wiley Sons. Chu, C., Dwyer, S. (2002). Employer role in integrative workplace health management.Disease Management and Health Outcomes,10(3), 175-186. Productivity Commission. (2005). Impacts of advances in medical technology in Australia.Productivity Commission, Government of Australia Research Reports. West, M. A., Borrill, C. S., Dawson, J. F., Brodbeck, F., Shapiro, D. A., Haward, B. (2003). Leadership clarity and team innovation in health care.The Leadership Quarterly,14(4), 393-410. Taylor, S., Foster, M., Fleming, J. (2008).Health care practice in Australia: policy, context and innovations. Oxford University Press. Palmer, G. R., Short, S. D. (2000).Health care and public policy: an Australian analysis. Macmillan Education AU. Bullen, P. A. B. (2012). Medics as a channel for worksite health promotion in remote global locations.American Journal of Health Promotion,26(6), 352-355. Hogan, P., Moxham, L., Dwyer, T. (2007). Human resource management strategies for the retention of nurses in acute care settings in hospitals in Australia.Contemporary Nurse,24(2), 189-199. Leeuwenburg, T. J., Leeuwenburg, T. (2012). Access to difficult airway equipment and training for rural GP-anaesthetists in Australia: results of a 2012 survey.Rural and remote health,12(2127). Wallis, J., Boyle, M. (2014). From stretcher bearer to Paramedic.Australasian Journal of Paramedicine,11(3). Wakerman, J., Humphreys, J. S. (2011). Sustainable primary health care services in rural and remote areas: Innovation and evidence.Australian Journal of Rural Health,19(3), 118-124. Kimberly, J., De Pouvourville, G. (2008).The globalization of managerial innovation in health care. Cambridge University Press. Nutbeam, D. (2000). Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century.Health promotion international,15(3), 259-267. Louviere, J. J., Flynn, T. N. (2010). Using best-worst scaling choice experiments to measure public perceptions and preferences for healthcare reform in Australia.The Patient: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research,3(4), 275-283.

South African Food Security And The Lack Of Transport Systems Essays

South African Food Security And The Lack Of Transport Systems Bus. Policy 402 3/27/00 South African Food Security and the lack of Transport Systems Agriculture is often a major part of any countries' economy. It not only serves as a means of feeding the nations' people, but also may serve as an excellent export to other countries. We are all familiar with Florida Oranges, Idaho Potatoes, and even Wisconsin Cheese. These have become famous for their unique taste or perhaps just marketability, which is an important strategy of foodstuffs next to the transportation systems. For example, because ours in the U.S. are up to date, it allows us to get certain crops, such as rice from Japan in a timely, low cost manner. However, in the SADC (Southern African Development Council) it is not that easy. Throughout this paper we will take a look at why that is from past to present, define agricultural development and offer reasons why an adequate transport system is necessary. African agricultural development history can be broken down into four periods: Pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial and present day. There is similarities and differences between these periods that may offer some insight to how Africa grew into the situations they now face. Agriculture at this time was classified by subsistence farming and shifting cultivation due to a low land population. All food or most was cultivated for consumption by farmers and others who lived nearby and was directly linked to nutrition. At this time transport systems were virtually unnecessary. Agriculture during the colonial period, 1880 to mid 1960, was drastically altered and turned from being self-sufficient to on the verge of starvation. Colonization imposed the farming of cash crops along with several market and tax policies. This separated agriculture form nutrition, the backbone of African farming. The land needed to be under constant cultivation, rather than seasonal which was another way the Europeans exploited the Africans. Transport systems at this time were designed to have raw materials exported from coastal areas and import manufactured goods. Before the arrival of the 1960's a few countries became independent once again and rushed to become industrialized in order to keep up with the modern world. However, the economy continued to suffer because the agricultural produce sold often did not return its actual value. The ?elites? were similar to the Euro rule and favored imported goods to satisfy appetites as opposed to agriculture, which became viewed as demeaning and backward. Still, the transportation needs had not been met. The roads along with the materials and to build them were completely inadequate and in some cases have done more harm than good. Agriculture is Africa's most important sector. Approximately 35% of GDP, 40% of exports and 75% of employment is accounted for through agriculture. However, data shows us that between 1981 and 1992 per capita agricultural production in SADC countries declined. Population has outgrown production and land use and again delayed the arrival for inadequate transport systems. An appropriate definition for ?inadequate? transport systems could be defined as: attempting to minimize the cost of inputs at the agricultural enterprise and cost of inputs at the delivery by lowering costs of physically moving inputs and outputs to maximize time utility. Road transportation is by far the most important method of transportation. It also plays a large role in not only the economy, but also social development of a region. Presently, not much has changed in the area of regional transport systems. Costs of inputs are higher due to the cost of delivery. This also makes it difficult to move perishable items out in a quick enough manner. Once a useful transport system is formed and put into action the SADC region may be able to establish a foothold and grow back into self-sufficiency. Increasing the availability of food at the household level is the first goal in achieving food security. Once this occurs and transportation methods will have to rise. If a plan can be developed to restore the traditional transport routes of landlocked countries it would be key to the development of transport systems. Usually, the shortest route is the cheapest route and when used the mobility of food will establish food security and a decrease in the cost of exporting goods.